Back Issues Available for $6 each or
Any 6 issues for $25

Subscriptions Available Today
for $100 per year (24 Information Packed Issues)

Go To The Shopping Cart Now

Look For These Back Issues

7-1 Benefits of Touch and NFP, The Burnham Review    FREE Today

7-2 Integrative Manual Therapy (IMT) Where Is It Written?, The Burnham Review FREE Today

7-3 A Nutritional Wellness Self Study Program, The Burnham Review

7-4 NeuroAnatomy Study List for Manual Therapists, The Burnham Review

7-5 Manual Therapy and the Peace Process, The Burnham Review

[Public Medline Abstracts] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world today, second only to water, and its medicinal properties have been widely explored. The tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is a member of the Theaceae family, and black, oolong, and green tea are produced from its leaves. It is an evergreen shrub or tree and can grow to heights of 30 feet, but is usually pruned to 2-5 feet for cultivation. The leaves are dark green, alternate and oval, with serrated edges, and the blossoms are white, fragrant, and appear in clusters or singly. Unlike black and oolong tea, green tea production does not involve oxidation of young tea leaves. Green tea is produced from steaming fresh leaves at high temperatures, thereby inactivating the oxidizing enzymes and leaving the polyphenol content intact. The polyphenols found in tea are more commonly known as flavonols or catechins and comprise 30-40 percent of the extractable solids of dried green tea leaves. The main catechins in green tea are epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), with the latter being the highest in concentration. Green tea polyphenols have demonstrated significant antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, thermogenic, probiotic, and antimicrobial properties in numerous human, animal, and in vitro studies. (------,2000). ------ (2000). "Green tea." Altern Med Rev 5(4): 372-5. [Full Text] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10956382

EGCg continues to rock!

EGCg, a major component of green tea could prove to be an effective solution for severe sepsis, an abnormal immune system response to a bacterial infection. In a new laboratory study, Haichao Wang, PhD, of The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, and his colleagues have been studying the therapeutic powers of dozens of Chinese herbal compounds in reversing a fatal immune response that kills 225,000 Americans every year. Dr. Wang's group gave EGCg to mice in the throes of severe sepsis. The dose was equivalent to 10 cups in a human. Survival jumped from 53 percent in those who didn't receive the green tea substance to 82 percent in those who did. "Clinically, even if we could save five percent of patients, that would be huge," said Dr. Wang. "In this study, we saved 25 percent more animals with the green tea." (NSLIJHS,2007). North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System (2007, November 13). ECGC In Green Tea Is Powerful Medicine Against Severe Sepsis, Lab Study Suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 3, 2008, [Full Text] http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/11/071108115608.htm." and Designs for Health www.DesignsforHealth.com

Green Tea, Unfermented Tea

"Tea, in particular, represented a sort of compromise between a pleasant habit, bound to economic and social reasons, and a therapeutic scope. Green tea is unfermented tea. In Japan the most frequently used method of production is steaming, that deactivates the oxidase in tea leaves, determining the retention of a brilliant green colour. Its use has been proposed in a number of clinical conditions and pathologies. (Gensini,2007). Gensini, G. F., D. Lippi, et al. (2007). "[Past, present and future of green tea: from pleasant beverage to drug in pills?]." Recenti Prog Med 98(6): 347-51. [PubMed Abstract]

Assessing Changes

"These results suggest that plasma ECG and EGCG concentrations are reliable biomarkers for green tea consumption at the population level." (Wang,2008). Wang, J. S., H. Luo, et al. (2008). "Validation of green tea polyphenol biomarkers in a phase II human intervention trial." Food Chem Toxicol 46(1): 232-40. [PubMed Abstract]

PREVENTING LIVER DAMAGE:

Drinking Green Tea Improves and Prevents Liver Fibrosis and Damage

Patients with chronic hepatitis often use alternative and complementary therapies they hope will improve liver health, but most such products have not been studied in controlled trials. At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) last month in Boston, researchers presented 2 preclinical studies of the effects of green tea polyphenols on liver fibrosis in animals. According to the researchers, green tea polyphenols exhibit both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These polyphenols consist of several components, including (-)-epigallocatechins gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, and (-)-epicatechin. EGCG, the strongest antioxidant, modulates a number of events in the progression of liver injury, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. (AASLD,2006). AASLD (2006). "Can Green Tea Help Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis?" American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases [Full Text] http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2006icr/aasld/docs/111406_e.html

Hepatic Fibrosis

"These results demonstrate that administration of EGCG may be useful in the treatment and prevention of hepatic fibrosis." (Zhen,2007) Zhen, M. C., Q. Wang, et al. (2007). "Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits oxidative damage and preventive effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis." J Nutr Biochem 18(12): 795-805. [PubMed Abstract]

Liver Damage

"Hepatic steatosis increases the extent of cellular injury incurred during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major flavonoid component of green tea (camellia sinensis) is a potent antioxidant that inhibits fatty acid synthase (FAS) in vitro. In conclusion, taken together, this study demonstrates that treatment with (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) by either oral or ip administration, significantly protects the liver after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), possibly by reducing hepatic fat content, increasing hepatic energy status, and functioning as an antioxidant." (Fiorini,2005). Fiorini, R. N., J. L. Donovan, et al. (2005). "Short-term administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate reduces hepatic steatosis and protects against warm hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in steatotic mice." Liver Transpl 11(3): 298-308. [PubMed Abstract]

"Previously, we reported that the oral administration of green tea rich in catechins restored levels of several biomarkers increasing in galactosamine-treated rats to nearly control values. These biomarkers included serum transaminase activities, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta, and the hepatic mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we examined possible anti-fibrotic effects of green tea in galactosamine-induced hepatitis. The results suggest that the drinking of green tea with a high catechin content may help to prevent and/or attenuate the development of fibrosis in hepatitis." (Abe,2007). Abe, K., T. Suzuki, et al. (2007). "The anti-fibrotic effect of green tea with a high catechin content in the galactosamine-injured rat liver." Biomed Res 28(1): 43-8. [Full Text] http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/biomedres/28/1/28_43/_article

"Oxidants have been shown to be involved in alcohol-induced liver injury. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant polyphenolic extract of green tea, comprised predominantly of epigallocatechin gallate, protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.

Enteral ethanol also caused severe fatty accumulation, mild inflammation, and necrosis in the liver. While not affecting fat accumulation or inflammation, green tea extract significantly blunted increases in necrosis caused by ethanol. Furthermore, ethanol significantly increased the accumulation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation and an index of oxidative stress; green tea extract blocked this effect almost completely. TNFalpha protein levels were increased in liver by alcohol; this phenomenon was also blunted by green tea extract. These results indicate that simple dietary antioxidants, such as those found in green tea, prevent early alcohol-induced liver injury, most likely by preventing oxidative stress." (Arteel,2002). Arteel, G. E., T. Uesugi, et al. (2002). "Green tea extract protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats." Biol Chem 383(3-4): 663-70. [PubMed Abstract]

"Increased consumption of green tea was associated with decreased serum concentrations of total cholesterol (P for trend < 0.001) and triglyceride (P for trend = 0.02) and an increased proportion of high density lipoprotein cholesterol together with a decreased proportion of low and very low lipoprotein cholesterols (P for trend = 0.02), which resulted in a decreased atherogenic index (P for trend = 0.02). Moreover, increased consumption of green tea, especially more than 10 cups a day, was related to decreased concentrations of hepatological markers in serum, aspartate aminotransferase (P for trend = 0.06), alanine transferase (P for trend = 0.07), and ferritin (P for trend = 0.02). The inverse association between consumption of green tea and various serum markers shows that green tea may act protectively against cardiovascular disease and disorders of the liver." (Imai,1995). Imai, K. and K. Nakachi (1995). "Cross sectional study of effects of drinking green tea on cardiovascular and liver diseases." BMJ 310(6981): 693-6. [Full Text] http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/310/6981/693

"To evaluate the antagonism effects of green tea (GT) against microcystin LR (MC-LR) induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice. Green tea (GT) might elevate antioxidant defense system, clean up free radicals, lessen oxidative damages and protect liver and kidney against MC-LR induced toxicity. (Xu,2007). Xu, C., W. Q. Shu, et al. (2007). "[Antagonism effects of green tea against microcystin induced oxidant damage on liver and kidney]." Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41(1): 8-12. [PubMed Abstract]

Aging and the Liver

The oxidative stress induced by chronic ethanol consumption, particularly in concert with the aging process, has been implicated in changes in the structure and functions of liver cell components including membrane phospholipids. To counteract such changes, particularly those resulting from lipid peroxidation, antioxidants may be applied. Green tea contains large amounts of polyphenols, mainly catechins, which possess antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy of green tea's influence on the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the rat liver as affected by the aging process and/or chronic ethanol intoxication. Several methods were used to evaluate this effect. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by vitamin E and antioxidant status determination. The liver trigliceride and cholesterol levels were also estimated. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation products as thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). The surface charge density of the rat liver cells was measured using electrophoresis. The concentration of the marker enzymes of liver damage (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the blood serum was also evaluated. Relative to the controls, aging was found to cause a decrease in the liver's antioxidant abilities and provoke an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation; it also increased the surface charge density of the rat liver cell membrane. Ethanol significantly aggravated these changes. This might have resulted in the liver cell membrane damage visible as a leak of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase into the blood. The ingestion of green tea with ethanol partially prevented these aging and/or ethanol-induced changes. Long-term drinking of green tea partially prevents the changes in the structure and function of the cell membrane caused by chronic ethanol intoxication. (Dobrzynska,2004). Dobrzynska, I., A. Sniecinska, et al. (2004). "Green tea modulation of the biochemical and electric properties of rat liver cells that were affected by ethanol and aging." Cell Mol Biol Lett 9(4A): 709-21. [Full Text] http://www.cmbl.org.pl/pdf/Vol9_p709.pdf

Herbs and the Liver

Botanical medicines have been used traditionally by herbalists and indigenous healers worldwide for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Clinical research in this century has confirmed the efficacy of several plants in the treatment of liver disease, while basic scientific research has uncovered the mechanisms by which some plants provide their therapeutic effects. This article is Part Two in a review of botanicals used in the treatment of liver disease. Curcuma longa (turmeric), Camellia sinensis (green tea), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) are reviewed in this installment. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and Picrorhiza kurroa (kutkin) were reviewed in Part One. (Luper,1999). Luper, S. (1999). "A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part two." Altern Med Rev 4(3): 178-88. [Full Text] http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/4/3/178.pdf

There is an increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), especially herbal therapy, among patients with liver disease. The most commonly used herbal agent is silymarin. In animal models, many of the commonly used agents have shown anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Although many human studies have shown improvements in subjective symptoms (well being) and liver biochemistry, there are no convincing data to suggest a definite histologic and/or virologic improvement with most of these agents. Poorly designed studies, heterogeneous patient populations, lack of standardized preparations, and poorly defined nonobjective end points may partly explain the conflicting reports in the literature. Hepatotoxicity and drug interactions are common with many herbal medications, and therefore physicians need to be cognizant of known or occult use of CAM by their patients. Only well-designed, randomized, controlled trials will be able to ascertain whether CAM has any role in the management of patients with acute or chronic liver diseases. Until such time, the use of CAM cannot be recommended as a therapy for patients with liver disease. (Verma,2007). Verma, S. and P. J. Thuluvath (2007). "Complementary and alternative medicine in hepatology: review of the evidence of efficacy." Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(4): 408-16. [PubMed Abstract]

Cytokines, Liver and Green Tea

Immune activation, either by cytokines or endotoxin, elicits a constellation of nonspecific symptoms such as weakness, malaise, listlessness, fatigue, adipsia, anorexia, depression and anxiety collectively termed as sickness behavior. Further, endotoxin administration in animals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many types of liver disease. Green tea, a common household drink, is rich in antioxidant polyphenols demonstrating inhibitory effects on cytokine production. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic treatment of green tea extract (GTE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats. The hypothesis was tested through the analysis of LPS-induced behavioral changes in rats, in plus maze and open field paradigms. Other parameters such as feeding and water consumption, weight loss and organ weight index were also estimated. Liver function tests were conducted to investigate the effect of GTE supplementation on LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction. The results of the study demonstrated that GTE significantly attenuated LPS-induced sickness behavior as well as hepatic damage either by its antioxidant activity or by inhibiting LPS induced cytokine production in rats. Singal, A., N. Tirkey, et al. (2006). "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract ameliorates endotoxin induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats." Phytother Res 20(2): 125-9 [PubMed Abstract]

Antioxidants and Liver and Kidney

The antioxidant effects in the liver and kidney obtained from rat fed diets containing 3% green or black tea leaf powder, which were prepared from the same lot tea leaves, were studied using the tissue slice-antioxidant evaluation method with two lipid peroxidation inducers. After 50 d on the diets, liver slices prepared from green and black tea-supplemented rats showed significant inhibitory effects against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation. These effects, however, were not proportional to the amounts of (-)-epicatechins and antioxidant vitamins in the tea leaves. In the kidney, the antioxidant effect was observed only in the green tea-fed group. A similar antioxidant effect on the kidney was observed after oral administration of a major tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (50 mg/kg body weight for 7 d). Liver slices from black tea-fed rats also inhibited bromotrichloromethane-induced lipid peroxidation. These results demonstrated that dietary green and black tea had antioxidant effects on tissue lipid peroxidation ex vivo. (Sano,1995). Sano, M., Y. Takahashi, et al. (1995). "Effect of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: a comparison of green and black tea feeding." Biol Pharm Bull 18(7): 1006-8. [PubMed Abstract]

Morphine Withdrawl and Green Tea

"Among the various nervous systems and signaling components involved in the development of morphine withdrawal symptoms, sensitization of the brain dopaminergic nervous system and an increase in the cAMP levels in the locus coeruleus are believed to be the most important cellular events. This study tested the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major compound of green tea, on the development of morphine-induced withdrawal symptoms. All the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent animals were inhibited by an EGCG pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner, being forepaw tremor, rearing, teeth chattering, urination, and wet dog shake were more sensitive than jumping and ptosis. These results suggest that EGCG has strong pharmacological activity against the development of morphine dependence, which can be partly explained by its inhibitory effects on the morphine-induced increase in the cAMP levels in the locus coeruleus and the signaling of the dopamine D2 receptor." (Oh,2007). Oh, K. W., J. S. Eun, et al. (2007). "Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on the development of morphine-induced physical dependence." Arch Pharm Res 30(9): 1111-5. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea Decreases Acrylamide Damage

This paper investigated the efficiency of antioxidant of bamboo leaves (AOB) and extract of green tea (EGT) on the reduction of acrylamide in fried bread sticks and summarized the optimal levels of two additives. Seven experimental groups including a control group were organized for both of additives. The present study indicated that both AOB and EGT could significantly reduce the acrylamide content generated in fried bread sticks and keep original flavor and crispness of fried bread sticks. This study could be regarded as an important contribution on the reduction of acrylamide by natural antioxidants. (Zhang,2007). Zhang, Y. (2007). "Study on reduction of acrylamide in fried bread sticks by addition of antioxidant of bamboo leaves and extract of green tea." Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16 Suppl 1: 131-6. [PubMed Abstract]

Cholesterol and Green Tea

Green tea from Camellia sinensis lowers plasma cholesterol in animal models of hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of green tea on the expression of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, a cell surface protein involved in the control of plasma cholesterol. Incubating human HepG2 liver cells in culture with green tea increased both LDL receptor binding activity and protein. An ethyl acetate extract of green tea, containing 70% (w/w) catechins, also increased the LDL receptor binding activity, protein, and mRNA, indicating that (1) the effect was at the level of gene transcription and that (2) the catechins were the active constituents. The mechanism by which green tea up-regulated the LDL receptor was then investigated. Green tea decreased the cell cholesterol concentration (-30%) and increased the conversion of the sterol-regulated element binding protein (SREBP-1) from the inactive precursor form to the active transcription-factor form. Consistent with this, the mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, was also increased by green tea. In conclusion, green tea up-regulated the LDL receptor in HepG2 cells. The effect was most likely mediated through SREBP-1 in response to a decrease in the intracellular cholesterol concentration. The LDL receptor may therefore play a role in the hypocholesterolemic effect of green tea in vivo. (Bursil,2001). Bursill, C., P. D. Roach, et al. (2001). "Green tea upregulates the low-density lipoprotein receptor through the sterol-regulated element binding Protein in HepG2 liver cells." J Agric Food Chem 49(11): 5639-45. [PubMed Abstract]

We conducted this study to determine whether green tea constituents, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine, affect the intestinal absorption of cholesterol (CH), fat, and other fat-soluble compounds. Ovariectomized rats with lymph cannula were infused intraduodenally with a lipid emulsion containing 14C-labeled CH (14C-CH), alpha-tocopherol (alpha TOH), triolein, and sodium taurocholate, without (control) or with EGCG, caffeine, or EGCG plus caffeine, in PBS, pH 6.5. The lymphatic total 14C-CH was significantly lowered by EGCG (21.1 +/- 2.1% dose), caffeine (27.9 +/- 1.7% dose), and EGCG plus caffeine (19.3 +/- 0.9% dose), compared with the control (32.4 +/- 1.6% dose). The lymphatic output of esterified CH also was significantly lower in rats infused with EGCG (7.9 +/- 0.7 micromol), caffeine (7.6 +/- 0.2 micromol), and EGCG plus caffeine (7.5 +/- 0.6 micromol) than rats in the control group (11.6 +/- 1.7 micromol). Also, EGCG and caffeine significantly lowered the absorption of alpha TOH, another highly hydrophobic lipid. However, the lymphatic outputs of oleic acid (exogenous fatty acid marker) and other fatty acids of endogenous origin were not affected by EGCG but were markedly lowered by caffeine and EGCG plus caffeine. Caffeine significantly lowered the amount of lymph flow, regardless of whether it was infused alone (14.2 +/- 3.9 mL) or with EGCG (18.6 +/- 2.0 mL), compared with EGCG (22.2 +/- 2.2 mL) alone and the control group (23.2 +/- 3.8 mL). The caffeine-induced decline in lymph flow was associated with the lowering of lipid absorption. The results indicate that both EGCG and caffeine inhibit lipid absorption and that the inhibitory effects of the 2 tea constituents are not synergistic but mediated by distinctly different mechanisms. (Wang,2006). Wang, S., S. K. Noh, et al. (2006). "Epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine differentially inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and fat in ovariectomized rats." J Nutr 136(11): 2791-6. [Full Text] http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/136/11/2791

"Tea, in the form of green or black tea, is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Extracts of tea leaves also are sold as dietary supplements. However, with the increasing interest in the health properties of tea and a significant rise in scientific investigation, this review covers recent findings on the medicinal properties and noncancer health benefits of both green and black tea. In Part II, a review of anticancer properties of green tea extracts is presented. Green tea contains a unique set of catechins that possess biological activity in antioxidant, anti-angiogenesis, and antiproliferative assays potentially relevant to the prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. Although there has been much focus on the biological properties of the major tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and its antitumor properties, tea offers other health benefits; some due to the presence of other important constituents. Characteristics unrelated to the antioxidant properties of green and black teas may be responsible for tea's anticancer activity and improvement in cardiac health and atherosclerosis. Theanine in green tea may play a role in reducing stress. Oxidized catechins (theaflavins in black tea) may reduce cholesterol levels in blood. Synergistic properties of green tea extracts with other sources of polyphenolic constituents are increasingly recognized as being potentially important to the medicinal benefits of black and green teas. Furthermore, due to presumed antioxidant and antiaging properties, tea is now finding its way into topical preparations." Each of these aspects is surveyed. (Cooper,2005). Cooper, R., D. J. Morre, et al. (2005). "Medicinal benefits of green tea: Part I. Review of noncancer health benefits." J Altern Complement Med 11(3): 521-8. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Essential Fatty Acids

"Some green tea catechins are chondroprotective and that consumption of green tea may be prophylactic for arthritis and may benefit the arthritis patient by reducing inflammation and slowing cartilage breakdown,"concluded one study showing the benefits of green tea consumption on connective tissue problems. (Adcocks, 2002).

Essential fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can benefit cartilage and connective tissue disorders. One study found, "the pathologic indicators manifested in human OA cartilage can be significantly altered by exposure of the cartilage to n-3 PUFA, but not to other classes of fatty acids." (Curtis,2002). Curtis, C. L., S. G. Rees, et al. (2002). "Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids." Arthritis Rheum 46(6): 1544-53 [Full Text] Retracted http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12115185

Extracellular Matrix and Green Tea

"Some proteases involved in extracellular matrix degradation are instrumental not only in overcoming tissue barriers to allow normal extravasation of hematic cells, but also in facilitating pathological processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor invasion. The possibility of blocking these enzymes has led to the development of synthetic inhibitors, though clinical trials have been disappointing owing to considerable side effects. However, long before enzymes were first isolated, these same pathologies were being treated in plant-based folk remedies, and today science is screening them for their reputed beneficial effects.

We present studies of 2 vegetable components as protease inhibitors. The first, (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate - from green tea, has proved a good weapon for inhibiting gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, but an even better inhibitor of leukocyte elastase (LE) activity; in vivo it blocks inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor invasion. The second, hyperforin - from Hypericum sp, inhibits LE-triggered activation of MMP-9, PMN chemotaxis and chemoinvasion, PMN-triggered angiogenesis, and inflammation-triggered pulmonary fibrosis; it also represses tumor-cell expression of MMP-2, thereby restraining invasion and metastasis. Modern research clearly vindicates epidemiological and historical evidence of the beneficial effects of two long-used allies from the plant kingdom, going a step beyond by shedding light on mechanistic keys." (Dell'Aica,2007). Dell'Aica, I., R. Caniato, et al. (2007). "Matrix proteases, green tea, and St. John's wort: biomedical research catches up with folk medicine." Clin Chim Acta 381(1): 69-77. [Pubmed Abstract]

Intercellular Communication

"Much evidence has been documented supporting the hypothesis that the down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is a cellular event underlying the tumor promotion process and that treatment to prevent the down-regulation or to up-regulate GJIC is important in preventing tumor promotion. Drinking green tea significantly protected mice against GJIC inhibition, the reduction in Cx32 and the elevation of the labeling index. These findings suggest that green tea might act as an anti-promoter against PCP-induced mouse hepatocarcinogenesis via its ability to prevent down-regulation of GJIC. " (Sai,2000). Sai, K., J. Kanno, et al. (2000). "Prevention of the down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication by green tea in the liver of mice fed pentachlorophenol." Carcinogenesis 21(9): 1671-6 [Full Text] http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/9/1671.

GREEN TEA BENEFITS FOR PEOPLE WITH CANCER:

Green Tea and DNA

Modulation of urinary excretion of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) and oxidative DNA damage biomarker, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), were assessed in urine samples collected from a randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled phase IIa chemoprevention trial with GTP in 124 individuals. These individuals were sero-positive for both HBsAg and aflatoxin-albumin adducts, and took GTP capsules daily at doses of 500 mg, 1000 mg or a placebo for 3 months. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected before the intervention and at the first and third month of the study. Urinary excretion of 8-OHdG and GTP components was measured by HPLC-CoulArray electrochemical detection. The baseline levels of 8-OHdG and GTP components among the three groups showed homogeneity (P > 0.70), and a non-significant fluctuation was observed in the placebo group over the 3 months (P > 0.30). In GTP-treated groups, epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC) levels displayed significant and dose-dependent increases in both the 500 mg group and 1000 mg group (P < 0.05). The 8-OHdG levels did not differ between the three groups at the 1 month collection, with medians of 1.83, 2.08 and 1.86 ng/mg-creatinine for placebo, 500 and 1000 mg group, respectively (P = 0.999). At the end of the 3 months' intervention, 8-OHdG levels decreased significantly in both GTP-treated groups, with medians of 2.02, 1.03 and 1.15 ng/mg-creatinine for placebo, 500 mg and 1000 mg group, respectively (P = 0.007). These results suggest that urinary excretions of EGC and EC can serve as practical biomarkers for green tea consumption in human populations. The results also suggest that chemoprevention with GTP is effective in diminishing oxidative DNA damage. (Luo,2006). Luo, H., L. Tang, et al. (2006). "Phase IIa chemoprevention trial of green tea polyphenols in high-risk individuals of liver cancer: modulation of urinary excretion of green tea polyphenols and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine." Carcinogenesis 27(2): 262-8 [Full Text] http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/2/262.

Green Tea and Cancer

"The American Cancer Society estimates that in the 1980s more than 4. 5 million Americans died of cancer. In addition, there were nearly nine million new cases and about 12 million people were under medical care for cancer. With cancer being the second most common cause of death in the United States population, the possibility that readily-available natural substances may be beneficial in the prevention of cancer warrants closer examination. A growing body of research has demonstrated green tea polyphenols to be powerful antioxidants with anticarcinogenic properties. These polyphenolic compounds, specifically the catechins epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), which account for 30-40 percent of the extractable solids of green tea leaves, are believed to mediate many of the cancer chemopreventive effects. Mechanisms of action may include antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity, and stimulation of detoxification systems through selective induction or modification of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. In addition, green tea may inhibit biochemical markers of tumor initiation and promotion, including the rate of cell replication and thus inhibition of the growth and development of neoplasms. Current studies are hopeful, as they show an inverse association between green tea consumption and cancer risk, supporting a possible chemopreventive effect of green tea. Based on the knowledge that green tea is inexpensive, non-toxic, and is a popular beverage consumed worldwide, clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the in-vivo effectiveness of green tea polyphenols on the inhibition and chemopreventive treatment of cancer." (Brown, 1999). Brown, M. D. (1999). "Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract and its possible role in the prevention of cancer." Altern Med Rev 4(5): 360-70. [Full Text] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10559550

Anti-Tumor Green Tea

"The various (e.g. anti-tumor and anti-diabetic) health effects of green tea attributed to its flavonols, primarily to epigallocatechin-gallate, got into the focus of interest. The endoplasmic reticulum, which plays key role in the metabolism of carcinogens, in the synthesis of secreted or cell surface proteins as well as in the glucose production, might be a potential target for anti-tumor and anti-diabetic agents. Therefore, it is an important question how the flavonols affect its functions. Experiments carried out in microsomes and hepatoma cells revealed that flavonols inhibit glucuronide transport in the endoplasmic reticulum, which may reduce the reactivation of carcinogens; they inhibit glucosidase II, which may cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatoma cells; and they hinder glucose efflux, which may decrease hepatic glucose production and blood glucose level." (Revesz,2007). Revesz, K., A. Tutto, et al. (2007). "[Effect of green tea flavonols on the function of the endoplasmic reticulum]." Orv Hetil 148(40): 1903-7. [PubMed Abstract]

Benefits of Green Tea and Selenium

"Both selenium and green tea have been shown to have potential antitumor effects. These results suggest that the antitumor function of selenium-enriched green tea extract (Se-TE) may be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by selenium and green tea components in a suitable selenium supplementation pathway." (Xu,2007). Xu, J., F. Yang, et al. (2007). "Anticarcinogenic activity of selenium-enriched green tea extracts in vivo." J Agric Food Chem 55(13): 5349-53. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Digestive Cancers

"Green tea decreased the development of gastric cancer risk by 40%. Dose-response relationships were observed between the length of time, concentration and quantity of green tea drinking and its protective effects on gastric cancer. For individuals who drink green tea for more than 250 g per month, the risk of gastric cancer reduced about 60%. Green tea might have protective effect on liver cancer. Green tea drinking might be a protective factor for gastric cancer." (Mu,2003). Mu, L. N., X. F. Zhou, et al. (2003). "[Study on the protective effect of green tea on gastric, liver and esophageal cancers]." Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 37(3): 171-3. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea, Cancer and Chemoprevention

"Carcinogenesis encompasses a prolonged accumulation of injuries at several different biological levels and include both genetic and biochemical changes in the cells. At each of these levels, there are several possibilities of intervention in order to prevent, slow down or even halt the gradual march of healthy cells towards malignancy. Diet modification is one such possibility. A number of natural foodstuffs, especially fruits and vegetables contain substantial quantities of molecules that have chemopreventive potential against cancer development. Such compounds include vitamins, trace elements and a variety of other molecules with antioxidant properties. Carotenoids, flavanoid polyphenols, isoflavones, catechins, and several other components that found in cruciferous vegetables are molecules that are known to protect against the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species. A number of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that vitamin C and E, Beta-carotene and the essential trace element selenium can reduce the risk of cancer. Consistent observations during the last few decades that cancer risk is reduced by a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, grains and green tea have encouraged research to identify several plant components especially phytochemicals that protect against DNA damage. Many of these substances block specific carcinogen pathways. Dietary supplements are part of an overall health program, along with a high intake of fruits and vegetables that help to combat damage to cells, which in turn may initiate cancer development. This paper will review current knowledge concerning diet modification and cancer prevention with special reference to minerals and trace elements." (Abdulla,2000). Abdulla, M. and P. Gruber (2000). "Role of diet modification in cancer prevention." Biofactors 12(1-4): 45-51. [PubMed Abstract]

Prostate Cancer and Green Tea

"Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American males. For these reasons, it is necessary to intensify our efforts for better understanding and development of novel treatment and chemopreventive approaches for this disease. In recent years, green tea has gained considerable attention as an agent that could reduce the risk of several cancer types. The cancer-chemopreventive effects of green tea appear to be mediated by the polyphenolic constituents present therein. Based on geographical observations that suggest that the incidence of PCa is lower in Japanese and Chinese populations that consume green tea on a regular basis, we hypothesized that green tea and/or its constituents could be effective for chemoprevention of PCa.

These data suggest that there are multiple targets for PCa chemoprevention by green tea and highlight the need for further studies to identify novel pathways that may be modulated by green tea or its polyphenolic constituents that could be further exploited for prevention and/or treatment of PCa." (Adhami,2003). Adhami, V. M., N. Ahmad, et al. (2003). "Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention." J Nutr 133(7 Suppl): 2417S-2424S. [Full Text] http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/7/2417S?ijkey=188c57ea0e80a1428e6abb24cfe0acf79a896033&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

"Prostate cancer (CaP) is a fast-growing health and social problem already representing the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in Western countries. Lifestyle-related factors and diet are major contributors for CaP promotion. Because of unfavourable prognosis of extra-prostatic CaP, prevention is considered the best approach to fight it at present time. Green Tea Catechins (GTCs) were proven effective at inhibiting cancer growth in several laboratory studies. In fact, GTCs treatment for men at high risk of CaP as first line prevention therapy in combination with the 8-genes signature profiling in tissue needle biopsies for real time monitoring of patient's response might importantly change, in the near future, the clinical managing of this highly diffuse malignancy." (Bettuzzi,2007). Bettuzzi, S., F. Rizzi, et al. (2007). "Clinical relevance of the inhibitory effect of green tea catechins (GtCs) on prostate cancer progression in combination with molecular profiling of catechin-resistant tumors: an integrated view." Pol J Vet Sci 10(1): 57-60. [PubMed Abstract]

"The incidence of prostate cancer is much lower in Asian than Western populations. Given that environmental factors such as dietary habits may play a major role in the causation of prostate cancer and the high consumption of green tea in Asian populations, this low incidence may be partly due to the effects of green tea. Green tea may be associated with a decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer." (Kurahashi,2008). Kurahashi, N., S. Sasazuki, et al. (2008). "Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: a prospective study." Am J Epidemiol 167(1): 71-7.

"Green and black tea have shown promise in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability and bioactivity of tea polyphenols (PP) and theaflavins in human serum and human and mouse tissues. This is the first human study to show that tea polyphenols and theaflavins are bioavailable in the prostate where they may be active in the prevention of prostate cancer." (Henning,2006). Henning, S. M., W. Aronson, et al. (2006). "Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption." J Nutr 136(7): 1839-43. [Full Text] http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/7/1839

Breast Cancer and CAM

"The purpose of this paper is to compare overall patterns of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use, as well as use of specific products and therapies at two different points in time (1998 vs 2005) by women diagnosed with breast cancer. The survey response rates were 76.3% in 1998 and 63% in 2005. In 1998, 66.7% of women reported using either a CAM product/therapy or seeing a CAM therapist at some time in their lives as compared with 81.9% in 2005 (p = 0.0002). Increases were seen in both use of CAM products/therapies (62% in 1998 vs. 70.6% in 2005) and visits to CAM practitioners (39.4% of respondents in 1998 vs 57.4% of respondents in 2005). Women in 2005 reported that 41% used CAM for treating their breast cancer. The most commonly used products and practitioners for treating breast cancer as reported in 2005 were green tea, vitamin E, flaxseed, vitamin C, massage therapists and dietitians/nutritionists. CAM use (both self-medication with products and visits to CAM practitioners) increased significantly from 1998 to 2005. Now that more than 80% of all women with breast cancer report using CAM (41% in a specific attempt to management their breast cancer), CAM use can no longer be regarded as an "alternative" or unusual approach to managing breast cancer." (Boon,2007). Boon, H. S., F. Olatunde, et al. (2007). "Trends in complementary/alternative medicine use by breast cancer survivors: comparing survey data from 1998 and 2005." BMC Womens Health 7: 4. [Full Text] http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17397542

"Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Tea has anticarcinogenic effects against breast cancer in experimental studies. A case-control study was conducted in Southeast China between 2004 and 2005. The incidence cases were 1009 female patients aged 20-87 years with histologically confirmed breast cancer. The 1009 age-matched controls were healthy women randomly recruited from breast disease clinics.

Compared with non-tea drinkers, green tea drinkers tended to reside in urban, have better education and have higher consumption of coffee, alcohol, soy, vegetables and fruits. After adjusting established and potential confounders, green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. We conclude that regular consumption of green tea can protect against breast cancer." (Zhang,2007). Zhang, M., C. D. Holman, et al. (2007). "Green tea and the prevention of breast cancer: a case-control study in Southeast China." Carcinogenesis 28(5): 1074-8. [PubMed Abstract]

Breast Cancer, Tamoxifen and Green Tea

"Epidemiologic data have suggested that green tea may prevent breast cancer. Studies in our laboratory have provided evidence that green tea extract inhibits breast cancer growth by a direct anti-proliferative effect on the tumor cells, as well as by indirect suppressive effects on the tumor-associated endothelial cells. We observed that green tea increased the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the proliferation of the ER (estrogen receptor)-positive MCF-7, ZR75, T47D human breast cancer cells in vitro. This combination regimen was also more potent than either agent alone at increasing cell apoptosis. Green tea decreased levels of ER-alpha in tumors both in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show the interaction of green tea with the ER pathway, as well as provide mechanistic evidence that the combination of green tea and tamoxifen is more potent than either agent alone in suppressing breast cancer growth." (Sartippour,2006). Sartippour, M. R., R. Pietras, et al. (2006). "The combination of green tea and tamoxifen is effective against breast cancer." Carcinogenesis 27(12): 2424-33. [Full Text] http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/12/2424

"Green tea has been suggested by various studies as being a possible chemopreventive product against, for example, breast cancer. I found this paper interesting because it describes the interaction between tamoxifen and green tea in several experimental (in vitro and in vivo) models for breast cancer. The results of this study suggest that green tea can indeed elicit downregulation of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and disruption of ER-dependent processes. More importantly, the effects are enhanced when green tea is given in combination with tamoxifen." (Van den Berg, 2007) Martin Van den Berg (University of Utrecht, Netherlands), Pharmacology & Drug Discovery Faculty Member for Faculty of 1000 Biology, commenting on Sartippour et al. Carcinogenesis 2006, 27:2424-33 [Abstract] http://www.f1000biology.com/article/id/1057883

Green Tea and Lung Cancer

Experimental and epidemiological studies were reviewed to assess whether the consumption of green tea could reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Articles published since 1990 were located by searching electronic databases PubMed, Ovid and Science Direct, using keywords †lung cancer’, †tea’ and †smoking’ without any restriction on language. After relevant articles had been located, further papers were obtained from their reference lists. Evidence from experimental studies (in vitro animal and human trials) suggested that regular intake of green tea may be protective against tobacco carcinogens. However, the mechanism behind the protective effect is only partly understood. In most of the epidemiological studies reviewed, the green tea exposure was within 5 years of the interview or follow-up, which would coincide with the induction period and latent period of lung cancer. Longer term studies are thus needed to further quantify the cancer risk. There is some evidence suggesting regular intake of green tea at high level (>3 cups per day) may reduce the risk of smokers developing lung cancer. Improvement in measuring green tea intake is required in order to confirm the evidence from epidemiological studies. (Liang,2007). Liang, W., C. W. Binns, et al. (2007). "Does the Consumption of Green Tea Reduce the Risk of Lung Cancer Among Smokers?" Oxford Journals March 04: [Abstract] http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/rss/recent.xml.

"Epidemiological studies on humans and investigations in animal models suggest that consumption of green tea has anti-cancer effects. Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) has a poor prognosis, particularly due to the development of drug resistance. We investigated the effects of the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on human SCLC cells. EGCG had similar effects (IC(50) of approximately 70 microM) on drug-sensitive (H69) and drug-resistant (H69VP) SCLC cells, indicating that it is not part of the drug resistance phenotype expressed in these cells. These data indicate the potential use of EGCG, and possibly green tea, in treating SCLC." (Sadava,2007). Sadava, D., E. Whitlock, et al. (2007). "The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits telomerase and induces apoptosis in drug-resistant lung cancer cells." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 360(1): 233-7. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea Protective in Esophageal Cancer

"This study aims to investigate the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in relation to exogenous factors in a rural area of China with a high incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Green tea drinking showed a protective effect in women. Findings from this study provided evidence that dietary habits, tobacco-smoking and alcohol drinking contribute to the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. A healthy dietary habit, with smoking cessation and alcohol controlling is of a great importance in the prevention of esophageal cancer." (Wang,2007). Wang, J. M., B. Xu, et al. (2007). "Diet habits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, green tea drinking, and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Chinese population." Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19(2): 171-6. [PubMed Abstract]

Stomach Cancer and Green Tea

"To investigate the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on growth of gastric cancer and its possible mechanism. Intraperitoneal injection of EGCG inhibited the growth of gastric cancer by 60.4%. MVD in tumor tissues treated with EGCG was markedly reduced. EGCG treatment reduced VEGF protein level in vitro and in vivo. Secretion and mRNA expression of VEGF in tumor cells were also suppressed by EGCG in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was associated with reduced activation of Stat3, but EGCG treatment did not change the total Stat3 expression. EGCG also inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. EGCG inhibits the growth of gastric cancer by reducing VEGF production and angiogenesis, and is a promising candidate for anti-angiogenic treatment of gastric cancer. (Zhu, 2007). Zhu, B. H., W. H. Zhan, et al. (2007). "(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits growth of gastric cancer by reducing VEGF production and angiogenesis." World J Gastroenterol 13(8): 1162-9. [Full Text] http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/13/1162.pdf

Colon Cancer and Green Tea

"Tea and its constituents have shown anticarcinogenic activities in in vitro and animal studies. We prospectively evaluated the association between green tea consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in a cohort of 69,710 Chinese women aged 40 to 70 years. Information on tea consumption was assessed through in-person interviews at baseline and reassessed 2 to 3 years later in a follow-up survey. During 6 years of follow-up, 256 incident cases of CRC were identified. A significant dose-response relationship was found for both the amount of tea consumed and duration in years of lifetime tea consumption. The reduction in risk was most evident among those who consistently reported to drink tea regularly at both the baseline and follow-up surveys. The inverse association with regular tea drinking was observed for both colon and rectal cancers. This study suggests that regular consumption of green tea may reduce CRC risk in women." (Yang,2007). Yang, G., X. O. Shu, et al. (2007). "Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women." Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(6): 1219-23. [PubMed Abstract]

"Several plant-based nutrients and non-nutrients that can inhibit mutagenesis and proliferation have been identified. Some of the most promising nutrients identified as chemopreventive agents in colon cancer prevention include isoflavones, curcumin, calcium, vitamin D and more recently Green tea polyphenols (GTP). In addition to inhibiting mutagenesis and proliferation, these compounds are relatively non-toxic, are of low cost and can be taken orally or as a part of the daily diet. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have identified epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in green tea polyphenols (GTP), as the most potent chemopreventive agent that can induce apoptosis, suppress the formation and growth of human cancers including colorectal cancers (CRC)." (Kumar,2007). Kumar, N., D. Shibata, et al. (2007). "Green tea polyphenols in the prevention of colon cancer." Front Biosci 12: 2309-15. [PubMed Abstract]

Leukemia and Green Tea

"In a case-control study of 107 adults with leukaemia and 110 orthopaedic controls in China, a reduced risk was found with longer duration, higher quantity, and frequency of green tea intake." (Zhang,2007). Zhang, M., X. Zhao, et al. (2007). "Possible protective effect of green tea intake on risk of adult leukaemia." British Journal of Cancer. [PubMed Abstract]

Multiple Myeloma and Green Tea

"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol extracted from green tea, is an antioxidant with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions. Based on its ability to modulate growth factor-mediated cell proliferation, we evaluated its efficacy in multiple myeloma (MM). EGCG induced both dose- and time-dependent growth arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death in MM cell lines including IL-6-dependent cells and primary patient cells, without significant effect on the growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and normal fibroblasts. Treatment with EGCG also led to significant apoptosis in human myeloma cells grown as tumors in SCID mice. These data demonstrate potent and specific antimyeloma activity of EGCG and provide the rationale for its clinical evaluation." (Shammas,2006). Shammas, M. A., P. Neri, et al. (2006). "Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biologic activity and therapeutic implications." Blood 108(8): 2804-10. [Full Text] http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16809610

Green Tea, A Natural Iron Chelator

"Beta-thalassemia patients suffer from secondary iron overload caused by increased iron absorption and multiple blood transfusions. Excessive iron catalyzes free-radical formation, causing oxidative tissue damage. Non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) detected in thalassemic plasma is highly toxic and chelatable. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG) in green tea (GT) show strong antioxidant properties. We separated the EGCG and ECG from GT extract using an HPLC, and examined their iron-binding and free-radical scavenging activities. They bound Fe(3+) rapidly to form a complex with a predominant absorption at 560 nm. EGCG and ECG bound chemical Fe(3+) and chelated the NTBI in a time- and dose dependent manner. They also decreased oxidative stress in iron-treated erythrocytes. In conclusion, EGCG and ECG could be natural iron chelators that efficiently decrease the levels of NTBI and free radicals in iron overload." (Thephinlap,2007). Thephinlap, C., S. Ounjaijean, et al. (2007). "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and epicatechin-3-gallate from green tea decrease plasma non-transferrin bound iron and erythrocyte oxidative stress." Med Chem 3(3): 289-96. [PubMed Abstract] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17504202

Iron and Green Tea

"Evidence to link abnormal metal (iron, copper and zinc) metabolism and handling with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases pathology has frequently been reported. The capacity of free iron to enhance and promote the generation of toxic reactive oxygen radicals has been discussed numerous times. Metal chelation has the potential to prevent iron-induced oxidative stress and aggregation of alpha-synuclein and beta-amyloid peptides. The efficacy of iron chelators depends on their ability to penetrate the subcellular compartments and cellular membranes where iron dependent free radicals are generated. Thus, natural, non-toxic, brain permeable neuroprotective drugs, are preferentially advocated for "ironing out iron" from those brain areas where it preferentially accumulates in neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss the most recent findings from in vivo and in vitro studies concerning the transitional metal (iron and copper) chelating property of green tea, and its major polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate with respect to their potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases." (Mandel,2006). Mandel, S., O. Weinreb, et al. (2006). "Green tea catechins as brain-permeable, non toxic iron chelators to "iron out iron" from the brain." J Neural Transm Suppl(71): 249-57. [PubMed Abstract]

Arsenic Counteracted by Green Tea

"The Gangetic plain of West Bengal, India, has been engulfed by a disastrous environmental calamity of arsenic contamination of the ground water. Chronic arsenic toxicity caused by drinking arsenic-contaminated water has been one of the worst health hazards gradually affecting nine districts of West Bengal since the early 1980s. Over and above hyperpigmentation and keratosis,weakness, burning sensation of the eyes, swelling of the legs, liver fibrosis, chronic lung disease, gangrene of the toes, neuropathy, and skin cancer are other manifestations. Induction of cancer is frequently associated with DNA damage, changes in ploidy of cells, and non-random chromosome aberrations. Counteraction of these genotoxic and cytogenetic abnormalities with natural dietary polyphenols could be a useful strategy to combat arsenic-induced DNA damage and thereby cancer. A review of the literature showed that it is the antioxidant property of tea polyphenols that affords protection against various types of cancer.

The results showed that both green tea and black tea extracts have equal potential in modulating the arsenic-induced genotoxicity. This effect was perhaps induced by the constituent polyphenols present in green and black tea. In addition, the repair activity of the damaged cells was enhanced when treated with these tea extracts and their polyphenols. Thus, tea and its polyphenols may have a promising role in counteracting the devastating effects of arsenic." (Sinha,2005). Sinha, D., M. Roy, et al. (2005). "Arsenic-induced micronuclei formation in mammalian cells and its counteraction by tea." J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 24(1): 45-56. [PubMed Abstract]

INFECTIONS and FOOD POISONING:

Food Poisoning and Green Tea

"The Chinese green tea extract was found to strongly inhibit the growth of major food-borne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and a diarrhoea food-poisoning pathogen Bacillus cereus, by 44-100% with the highest activity found against S. aureus and lowest against E. coli O157:H7. This study demonstrated a direct link between the antimicrobial activity of tea and its specific polyphenolic compositions. The activity of tea polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on antibiotics-resistant strains of S. aureus, suggests that these compounds are potential natural alternatives for the control of bovine mastitis and food poisoning caused by S. aureus. (Si,2006). Si, W., J. Gong, et al. (2006). "Bioassay-guided purification and identification of antimicrobial components in Chinese green tea extract." J Chromatogr A 1125(2): 204-10. [PubMed Abstract]

"Staphylococcus aureus grows in the presence of high-salt concentrations. The green tea polyphenolic compound epicatechin gallate (ECg) extended the staphylococcal lag phase to values greater than 6 h in the presence of NaCl, KCl and LiCl; this effect was not observed with epicatechin. The capacity of ECg to suppress staphylococcal growth in the presence of salt suggests that this molecule could be used to aid the preservation of salt-containing foods." (Stapleton,2006). Stapleton, P. D., J. Gettert, et al. (2006). "Epicatechin gallate, a component of green tea, reduces halotolerance in Staphylococcus aureus." Int J Food Microbiol 111(3): 276-9. [Full Text] http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16839636

Fibromyalgia and CAM

An evaluation of patients referred to the Mayo Fibromyalgia Treatment Program between February 2003 and July 2003 were invited on their initial visit to participate in a survey regarding CAM use during the previous 6 months. An 85-question survey that addressed different CAM domains was used.

Of the 304 patients invited to participate, 289 (95%) completed the survey (263 women and 26 men). Ninety-eight percent of the patients had used some type of CAM therapy during the previous 6 months. The 10 most frequently used CAM treatments were exercise for a specific medical problem (48%), spiritual healing (prayers) (45%), massage therapy (44%), chiropractic treatments (37%), vitamin C (35%), vitamin E (31%), magnesium (29%), vitamin B complex (25%), green tea (24%), and weight-loss programs (20%). (Wahner-Roedler, 2007). Wahner-Roedler, D., P. Elkin, et al. (2007). "Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies by patients referred to a fibromyalgia treatment program at a tertiary care center." Mayo-Clin-Proc. 2005 Jan; 80(1): 55-60 IBIDS: International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements: [Abstract] http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php

Blood Vessel Walls in Ehlers-Danlos

Problems of the blood vessel wall integrity and easy bruising is a common feature in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. (Yen,2006). There are Integrative Manual Therapy techniques to address membrane wall fragility. (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 2000). People should also consider the benefits of essential fatty acids (fish oils) and antioxidants in the health and healing of membrane wall weakness.

Some green tea catechins are chondroprotective and that consumption of green tea may be prophylactic for arthritis and may benefit the arthritis patient by reducing inflammation and slowing cartilage breakdown, concluded one study showing the benefits of green tea consumption on connective tissue problems. (Adcocks, 2002). Adcocks, C., P. Collin, et al. (2002). "Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro." J Nutr 132(3): 341-6. [Full Text] http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/341

Inflammatory Arthritis

"Polyphenolic compounds from green tea have been shown to reduce inflammation in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis. Catechins, particularly those containing a gallate ester, were effective at micromolar concentrations at inhibiting proteoglycan and type II collagen breakdown. No toxic effects of the catechins were evident. We conclude that some green tea catechins are chondroprotective and that consumption of green tea may be prophylactic for arthritis and may benefit the arthritis patient by reducing inflammation and slowing cartilage breakdown. Further studies will be required to determine whether these compounds access the joint space in sufficient concentration and in a form capable of providing efficacy in vivo." (Adcock,s,2002). Adcocks, C., P. Collin, et al. (2002). "Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro." J Nutr 132(3): 341-6. [Full Text] http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/341

"Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced inflammatory response in arthritic joints include the enhanced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their matrix degrading activity contribute to the irreversible loss of cartilage and may also be associated with sustained chronic inflammation. We have earlier shown that green tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was non-toxic to human chondrocytes and inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in arthritic joints. These results also suggest that EGCG or compounds derived from it may be therapeutically effective inhibitors of IL-1beta-induced production of matrix-degrading enzymes in arthritis." (Ahmed,2004). Ahmed, S., N. Wang, et al. (2004). "Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) differentially inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308(2): 767-73. [Full Text] http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/308/2/767

Bone Density

"Consumption of green tea, a rich source of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is associated with increased bone mineral density. The observed effects of EGCG on bone formation by SaOS-2 human osteoblast (HOB)-like cells suggest that EGCG may have beneficial effects on bone health." (Vali,2007). Vali, B., L. G. Rao, et al. (2007). "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases the formation of mineralized bone nodules by human osteoblast-like cells." J Nutr Biochem 18(5): 341-7. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea, Anxiety and Obesity"Dietary supplement use is widespread in developed nations. In particular, patients who utilize mental health services also report frequent consumption of dietary supplements, often in relation to management of adverse events and specifically weight gain. Weight gain induced by psychotropic medications can further compound psychological distress and negatively influence compliance. Here we report on four cases of social anxiety disorder treated with the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. Self-administration of conjugated linoleic acid and green tea extract may have influenced objective anthropomorphic measurements; each patient had an unexpected decrease in total body fat mass, a decrease in body fat percentage and an increase in lean body mass." (Katzman,2007). Katzman, M. A., L. Jacobs, et al. (2007). "Weight gain and psychiatric treatment: Is there a role for green tea and conjugated linoleic acid?" Lipids Health Dis 6: 14. [Full Text] http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17477874

Green Tea, Cancer and Diabetes

"Multiple lines of evidence, mostly from population-based studies, suggest that green tea consumption is associated with reduced risk of several human malignancies such as cancer and diabetes. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol found in green tea, is a widely studied chemopreventive agent with potential anticancer activity. Green tea polyphenols inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis, and induce growth arrest and apoptosis through regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Specifically, EGCG regulates expression of VEGF, matrix metalloproteinases, uPA, IGF-1, EGFR, cell cycle regulatory proteins and inhibits NFk B, PI3-K/Akt, Ras/Raf/MAPK and AP-1 signaling pathways, thereby causing strong cancer chemopreventive effects. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of green tea polyphenols and their therapeutic implications in cancer." (Shankar,2007). Shankar, S., S. Ganapathy, et al. (2007). "Green tea polyphenols: biology and therapeutic implications in cancer." Front Biosci 12: 4881-99. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Diabetes

"These findings show the possibility that Japanese eating habits combined with drinking green tea might be a factor in preventing the onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." (Shirai,2004). Shirai, N. and H. Suzuki (2004). "Effects of Western, Vegetarian, and Japanese dietary fat model diets with or without green tea extract on the plasma lipids and glucose, and liver lipids in mice. A long-term feeding experiment." Ann Nutr Metab 48(2): 95-102. [PubMed Abstract]

Iso and colleagues reported that consumption of green tea and coffee could significantly reduce the risk for type 2. (Iso,2006). Iso H, Date C, Wakai K, Fukui M, Tamakoshi A. The relationship between green tea and total caffeine intake and risk for self-reported type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:554-62.

For ages, plants containing flavonoids have been used to treat diabetes in Indian medicine. The green tea flavonoid has been shown to have insulin-like activity as well as insulin-enhancing activity. However, epigallocatechin gallate, which is the principal catechin in green tea, differs from insulin because it affects several insulin-activated kinases with slower kinetics. Furthermore, epigallocatechin regulates genes that encode gluconeogenic enzymes and protein "tyrosine phosphorylation by modulating the redox state of the cell. Thus, epigallocatechin gallate may be an antidiabetic[pgent.diabetes. (Anderson,2002). Anderson RA , Polansky MM. Tea enhances insulin activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:7182-6. and (Tsuneki,2004). Tsuneki H, Ishizuka M, Terasawa M, Wu JB, Sasaoka T, Kimura I. Effect of green tea on blood glucose levels and serum proteomic patterns in diabetic (db/db) mice and on glucose metabolism in healthy humans. BMC Pharmacol. 2004;4:18.and (Mascitelli,2006). Mascitelli, L. and F. Pezzetta (2006). "Green tea, coffee, and diabetes." Ann Intern Med 145(8): 634; author reply 634-5. and (Cheng,2006). Cheng, T. O. (2006). "Green tea, coffee, and diabetes." Ann Intern Med 145(8): 633-4; author reply 634-5. [Full Text] http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/145/8/634.pdf

Green Tea, Metabolic Syndrome and Blood Vessels

"Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol in green tea, may augment metabolic and vascular actions of insulin. Therefore, we investigated effects of EGCG treatment to simultaneously improve cardiovascular and metabolic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; model of metabolic syndrome with hypertension, insulin resistance, and overweight). Both EGCG and enalapril therapy significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SHR. EGCG therapy of SHR significantly reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function in Langendorff-perfused hearts exposed to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In SHR given L-NAME, beneficial effects of EGCG on SBP and I/R were not observed. Both enalapril and EGCG treatment of SHR improved insulin sensitivity and raised plasma adiponectin levels.

We conclude that acute actions of EGCG to stimulate production of nitric oxide from endothelium using PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways may explain, in part, beneficial effects of EGCG therapy to simultaneously improve metabolic and cardiovascular pathophysiology in SHR. These findings may be relevant to understanding potential benefits of green tea consumption in patients with the metabolic syndrome." (Potenza,2007). Potenza, M. A., F. L. Marasciulo, et al. (2007). "EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I/R injury in SHR." Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292(5): E1378-87. [PubMed Abstract]

Weight Loss and Green Tea

"Investigation of the effect of a green tea-caffeine mixture on weight maintenance after body weight loss in moderately obese subjects in relation to habitual caffeine intake. A randomized placebo-controlled double blind parallel trial in 76 overweight and moderately obese subjects, (BMI, 27.5 +/- 2.7 kg/m2) matched for sex, age, BMI, height, body mass, and habitual caffeine intake was conducted. A very low energy diet intervention during 4 weeks was followed by 3 months of weight maintenance (WM); during the WM period, the subjects received a green tea-caffeine mixture (270 mg epigallocateaschin gallate + 150 mg caffeine per day) or placebo. Subjects lost 5.9 +/-1.8 (SD) kg (7.0 +/- 2.1%) of body weight (p < 0.001). At baseline, satiety was positively, and in women, leptin was inversely, related to subjects' habitual caffeine consumption (p < 0.01). High caffeine consumers reduced weight, fat mass, and waist circumference more than low caffeine consumers; resting energy expenditure was reduced less and respiratory quotient was reduced more during weight loss (p < 0.01). In the low caffeine consumers, during WM, green tea still reduced body weight, waist, respiratory quotient and body fat, whereas resting energy expenditure was increased compared with a restoration of these variables with placebo (p < 0.01). In the high caffeine consumers, no effects of the green tea-caffeine mixture were observed during WM. DISCUSSION: High caffeine intake was associated with weight loss through thermogenesis and fat oxidation and with suppressed leptin in women. In habitual low caffeine consumers, the green tea-caffeine mixture improved WM, partly through thermogenesis and fat oxidation." (Westerterp-Plantenga,2005). Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., M. P. Lejeune, et al. (2005). "Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation." Obes Res 13(7): 1195-204. [Full Text] http://www.obesityresearch.org/cgi/content/full/13/7/1195

Green Tea and Metabolism

"Since ancient times green tea has been considered a health-promoting beverage. In recent years, scientists throughout the world have investigated the potential benefits of green tea and its most abundant catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The anti-cancer effects of green tea and EGCG were the focus of early research, and encouraging data from in vitro, animal model, and human studies have emerged. Due to the dominant role of cardiovascular disease and the dramatic rise of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus as major and interlinked healthcare problems, green tea and EGCG are increasingly being investigated in these areas. Dose-response relationships observed in several epidemiological studies have indicated that pronounced cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits can be obtained by regular consumption of 5-6 or more cups of green tea per day. Furthermore, intervention studies using similar amounts of green tea, containing 200-300 mg of EGCG, have demonstrated its usefulness for maintaining cardiovascular and metabolic health. Therefore, green tea and EGCG can be regarded as food components useful for the maintenance of cardiovascular and metabolic health." (Wolfram,2007). Wolfram, S. (2007). "Effects of green tea and EGCG on cardiovascular and metabolic health." J Am Coll Nutr 26(4): 373S-388S. [PubMed Abstract]

Obesity, Body Fat and Green Tea

"The body fat reducing effect and reduction of risks for cardiovascular disease by a green tea extract (GTE) high in catechins was investigated in humans with typical lifestyles. Japanese women and men with visceral fat-type obesity were recruited for the trial. After a 2-week diet run-in period, a 12-week double-blind parallel multicenter trial was performed, in which the subjects ingested green tea containing 583 mg of catechins (catechin group) or 96 mg of catechins (control group) per day. Decreases in body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio, body fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference, visceral fat area, and subcutaneous fat area were found to be greater in the catechin group than in the control group. A greater decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was found in the catechin group compared with the control group for subjects whose initial SBP was 130 mm Hg or higher. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was also decreased to a greater extent in the catechin group. No adverse effect was found. The continuous ingestion of a GTE high in catechins led to a reduction in body fat, SBP, and LDL cholesterol, suggesting that the ingestion of such an extract contributes to a decrease in obesity and cardiovascular disease risks." (Nagao,2007). Nagao, T., T. Hase, et al. (2007). "A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans." Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(6): 1473-83. [PubMed Abstract]

Diabetes, Collagen and Green Tea

"Diabetes leads to modification of collagen such as advanced glycation and cross-linking which play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. We have investigated the effect of green tea on modification of collagen in streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) induced diabetic rats.

The solubility of tail tendon collagen decreased significantly in diabetic rats indicating a remarkable increase in the cross-linking, whereas green tea increases the solubility of collagen in diabetic rats. The present study reveals that green tea is effective in reducing the modification of tail tendon collagen in diabetic rats. Thus green tea may have a therapeutic effect in the treatment of glycation induced complications of diabetes." (Babu,2008) Babu, P. V., K. E. Sabitha, et al. (2008). "Effect of green tea extract on advanced glycation and cross-linking of tail tendon collagen in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats." Food Chem Toxicol 46(1): 280-5. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Cardiovascular Disease

"Tea is the most consumed drink in the world after water. Green tea is a 'non-fermented' tea, and contains more catechins, than black tea or oolong tea. Catechins are in vitro and in vivo strong antioxidants. In addition, its content of certain minerals and vitamins increases the antioxidant potential of this type of tea. Since ancient times, green tea has been considered by the traditional Chinese medicine as a healthful beverage. Recent human studies suggest that green tea may contribute to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer, as well as to the promotion of oral health and other physiological functions such as anti-hypertensive effect, body weight control, antibacterial and antivirasic activity, solar ultraviolet protection, bone mineral density increase, anti-fibrotic properties, and neuroprotective power. Increasing interest in its health benefits has led to the inclusion of green tea in the group of beverages with functional properties." (Cabrera,2006). Cabrera, C., R. Artacho, et al. (2006). "Beneficial effects of green tea--a review." J Am Coll Nutr 25(2): 79-99. [PubMed Abstract]

"Green tea polyphenols have been extensively studied as cardiovascular disease and cancer chemopreventive agents in vitro and in animal studies. Green tea consumption is associated with reduced mortality due to all causes and due to cardiovascular disease but not with reduced mortality due to cancer. (Kuriyama,2006). Kuriyama, S., T. Shimazu, et al. (2006). "Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study." JAMA 296(10): 1255-65. [Full Text] http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/10/1255

"Our results for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality may be partly explained by the effect of green tea on CVD risk profile. Previous studies have suggested that green tea may have beneficial effects on CVD risk profile, such as hypertension and obesity." (Kuriyama,2006). Kuriyama, S., T. Shimazu, et al. (2006). "Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study." JAMA 296(10): 1255-65. [Full Text] http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/10/1255 and (Yang,2004). Yang YC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Wu CH, Chang CJ. The protective effect of habitual tea consumption on hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1534-1540. and (Nagao,2005). Nagao T, Komine Y, Soga S, et al. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men.AmJ Clin Nutr. 2005;81:122-129. [PubMed Abstract]

Parkinson's and Alzheimer's

"Tea consumption is varying its status from a mere ancient beverage and a lifestyle habit, to a nutrient endowed with possible prospective neurobiological-pharmacological actions beneficial to human health. Accumulating evidence suggest that oxidative stress resulting in reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation play a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases, supporting the implementation of radical scavengers, transition metal (e.g., iron and copper) chelators, and nonvitamin natural antioxidant polyphenols in the clinic. These observations are in line with the current view that polyphenolic dietary supplementation may have an impact on cognitive deficits in individuals of advanced age. As a consequence, green tea polyphenols are now being considered as therapeutic agents in well controlled epidemiological studies, aimed to alter brain aging processes and to serve as possible neuroprotective agents in progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases." (Weinreb,2004). Weinreb, O., S. Mandel, et al. (2004). "Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases." J Nutr Biochem 15(9): 506-16. [PubMed Abstract]

Parkinson's, Dopamine and Green Tea

"As antioxidants, polyphenols are considered to be potentially useful in preventing chronic diseases in man, including Parkinson's disease (PD), a disease involving dopamine (DA) neurons. Our studies have demonstrated that polyphenols extracted from green tea (GT) can inhibit the uptake of 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) by DA transporters (DAT) and partially protect embryonic rat mesencephalic dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from MPP(+)-induced injury. These results suggest that GT polyphenols have inhibitory effects on DAT, through which they block MPP(+) uptake and protect DAergic neurons against MPP(+)-induced injury." (Pan,2003). Pan, T., J. Fei, et al. (2003). "Effects of green tea polyphenols on dopamine uptake and on MPP+ -induced dopamine neuron injury." Life Sci 72(9): 1073-83. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Memory

"The consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic compound found in green tea, has been associated with various neurological benefits including cognitive improvement." (Xie,2007). Xie, W., N. Ramakrishna, et al. (2007). "Promotion of Neuronal Plasticity by (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate." Neurochem Res. [PubMed Abstract]

Multiple Sclerosis, Inflammation and Life Style Diseases

"In the normal human life span, there occur lifestyle-related diseases that may be preventable with nontoxic agents. Green tea is one of the most practical cancer preventives, as we have shown in various in vitro and in vivo experiments, along with epidemiological studies. Among various biological effects of green tea, we have focused on its inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha gene expression mediated through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. TNF-alpha is an endogenous tumor promoter. TNF-alpha is also known to be a central mediator in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. We therefore hypothesized that green tea might be a preventive agent for chronic inflammatory diseases.

These data suggest that green tea has preventive effects on both chronic inflammatory diseases and lifestyle-related diseases (including cardiovascular disease and cancer), resulting in prolongation of life span." (Sueoka,2001) Sueoka, N., M. Suganuma, et al. (2001). "A new function of green tea: prevention of lifestyle-related diseases." Ann N Y Acad Sci 928: 274-80. [PubMed Abstract]

Huntington's and Green Tea

"Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic treatments of limited effectiveness are available. Preventing early misfolding steps and thereby aggregation of the polyglutamine (polyQ)-containing protein huntingtin (htt) in neurons of patients may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to postpone the onset and progression of HD. Here, we demonstrate that the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) potently inhibits the aggregation of mutant htt exon 1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. Our studies may provide the basis for the development of a novel pharmacotherapy for HD and related polyQ disorders." (Ehmhoefer,2006). Ehrnhoefer, D. E., M. Duennwald, et al. (2006). "Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate modulates early events in huntingtin misfolding and reduces toxicity in Huntington's disease models." Hum Mol Genet 15(18): 2743-51. [Full Text] http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/18/2743

Green Tea and Vision

"The aim of this study was to examine whether the antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a catechin-base flavonoid derived from green tea protects retina neurones in situ from ischemia/reperfusion and in vitro from an oxidative stress insult of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). EGCG also significantly reduced the apoptosis [cell death] to retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5 cells) in culture caused by H(2)O(2). The results of the study demonstrate that EGCG provides protection to retinal neurones from oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion." (Zhang,2007). Zhang, B., R. Safa, et al. (2007). "Epigallocatechin gallate, an active ingredient from green tea, attenuates damaging influences to the retina caused by ischemia/reperfusion." Brain Res 1159: 40-53. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Eyes

"Corneal neovascularization is a significant, sight-threatening complication of many ocular surface disorders. Various growth factors and proteinases are involved in corneal neovascularization. The data supporting a causal role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extensive. Inhibition of VEGF and MMPs is a main strategy for treating corneal neovascularization. Several findings have shown that corneal neovascularization can be reduced by using anti-VEGF and anti-MMPs agents. Efficacy of a nutrient mixture (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract has been demonstrated for reducing VEGF and MMPs secretion by various cells. Moreover, NM can inhibit endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation." (Shakiba,2007). Shakiba, Y. and A. Mostafaie (2007). "Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with a nutrient mixture containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract." Arch Med Res 38(7): 789-91. [PubMed Abstract]

SKIN and HAIR

Green Tea and Skin

"Because of a characteristic aroma and health benefits, green tea is consumed worldwide as a popular beverage. The epicatechin derivatives, commonly called polyphenols, present in green tea possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. The major and most highly chemopreventive constituent in green tea responsible for the biochemical or pharmacological effects is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Epidemiological, clinical and biological studies have implicated that solar ultraviolet (UV) light is a complete carcinogen and repeated exposure can lead to the development of various skin disorders including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We and others have shown that topical treatment or oral consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) inhibit chemical carcinogen- or UV radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in different laboratory animal models. Topical treatment of GTP and EGCG or oral consumption of GTP resulted in prevention of UVB-induced inflammatory responses, immunosuppression and oxidative stress, which are the biomarkers of several skin disease states. Topical application of GTP and EGCG prior to exposure of UVB protects against UVB-induced local as well as systemic immune suppression in laboratory animals, which was associated with the inhibition of UVB-induced infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes. Prevention of UVB-induced suppression of immune responses by EGCG was also associated with the reduction in immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 production at UV irradiated skin and draining lymph nodes, whereas IL-12 production was significantly enhanced in draining lymph nodes. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of green tea were also observed in human skin. Treatment of EGCG to human skin resulted in the inhibition of UVB-induced erythema, oxidative stress and infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes. We also showed that treatment of GTP to human skin prevents UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation, which are considered to be mediators of UVB-induced immune suppression and skin cancer induction. The in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies suggest that green tea polyphenols are photoprotective in nature, and can be used as pharmacological agents for the prevention of solar UVB light-induced skin disorders including photoaging, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers after more clinical trials in humans." (Katiyar,2003). Katiyar, S. K. (2003). "Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects." Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 3(3): 234-42 [Pubmed Abstract]

Green Tea and Skin Toxicity

"Skin toxicity is a common side effect of radiotherapy for solid tumors. Its management can cause treatment gaps and thus can impair cancer treatment. At present, in many countries no standard recommendation for treatment of skin during radiotherapy exists. In this study, we explored the effect of topically-applied tea extracts on the duration of radiation-induced skin toxicity. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms and compared effects of tea extracts with the effects of epigallocatechin-gallate, the proposed most-active moiety of green tea.

Tea extracts supported the restitution of skin integrity. Tea extracts inhibited proteasome function and suppressed cytokine release. NF-kappaB activity was altered by tea extracts in a complex, caspase-dependent manner, which differed from the effects of epigallocatechin-gallate. Additionally, both tea extracts, as well as epigallocatechin-gallate, slightly protected macrophages from ionizing radiation. Tea extracts are an efficient, broadly available treatment option for patients suffering from acute radiation-induced skin toxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects are complex, and most likely not exclusively dependent on effects of tea polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-gallate. (Pajonk,2006). Pajonk, F., A. Riedisser, et al. (2006). "The effects of tea extracts on proinflammatory signaling." BMC Med 4: 28. [Full Text] http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7015-4-28.pdf

Skin Cancer

"Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common malignancy in humans and is equivalent to the incidence of malignancies in all other organs combined in the United States. Current methods of prevention depend on sunscreens in humans, efficacy of which is largely undetermined for non-melanoma skin cancers. Green tea polyphenols have the greatest effect with respect to chemoprevention and have been found to be most potent at suppressing the carcinogenic activity of UV radiation. They protect against many of the other damaging effects of UV radiation such as UV-induced sunburn response, UV-induced immunosuppression and photoaging of the skin. They exert their photoprotective effects by various cellular, molecular and biochemical mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo systems. Green tea polyphenols thus have the potential, when used in conjunction with traditional sunscreens, to further protect the skin against the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation." (Yusuf,2007). Yusuf, N., C. Irby, et al. (2007). "Photoprotective effects of green tea polyphenols." Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 23(1): 48-56. [PubMed Abstract]

Green Tea and Endothelial Cells

"The present study was designed to investigate the effect and relationship of endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by green tea consumption in chronic smokers. The numbers of circulating EPCs have an inverse correlation with chronic smoking and endothelial dysfunction. Green tea catechin improved endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers.

A short-term administration of green tea consumption induces a rapid improvement of EPC levels and FMD. Green tea consumption may be effective to prevent future cardiovascular events in chronic smokers." (Kim,2006). Kim, W., M. H. Jeong, et al. (2006). "Effect of green tea consumption on endothelial function and circulating endothelial progenitor cells in chronic smokers." Circ J 70(8): 1052-7. [Full Text] http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/70/8/70_1052/_article

Hair Loss and Green Tea

"Green tea is a popular worldwide beverage, and its potential beneficial effects such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties are believed to be mediated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of polyphenols. EGCG promoted hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured human dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Thus, we suggest that EGCG stimulates human hair growth through these dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs." (Kwon,2007). Kwon, O. S., J. H. Han, et al. (2007). "Human hair growth enhancement in vitro by green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)." Phytomedicine 14(7-8): 551-5. [PubMed Abstract]