8-10 An Osteopathic Manual Therapy Approach to Influenza, Bird Flu and other Infectious Disorders Manual Therapist Be Prepared Steps to be prepared for an avian flu epidemic as outlined by a physician. (Hruby,2007). Hruby, R. J. and K. N. Hoffman (2007). "Avian influenza: an osteopathic component to treatment." Osteopath Med Prim Care 1: 10 [Full Text] 2. Have a preparedness plan for the treatment of patients with avian influenza infection. 3. Be able to perform the OMT [manual therapy] procedures that could have a beneficial effect on the patient with avian influenza."
H5N1 Viral Bird Flu / Avian Influenza and Integrative Manual Therapy Click here for Link to the United Press International (UPI) article by Gerry Harrington.
Avian Flu and Osteopathic Medicine
Avian influenza is an infection caused by the H5N1 virus. The infection is highly contagious among birds, and only a few known cases of human avian influenza have been documented. However, healthcare experts around the world are concerned. Fear is that a pandemic of avian influenza could result in the kind of mortality that was seen with the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, where the number of deaths was estimated to be as high as 40 million people.
Retrospective data gathered by the American Osteopathic Association shortly after the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic have suggested that osteopathic physicians (DOs), using their distinctive osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) methods, observed significantly lower morbidity and mortality among their patients as compared to those treated by allopathic physicians (MDs) with standard medical care available at the time. In light of the limited prevention and treatment options available, it seems logical that a preparedness plan for the treatment of avian influenza should include these OMT procedures, provided by DOs and other healthcare workers capable of being trained to perform these therapeutic interventions. (Hruby & Hoffman, 2007).
There is evidence to support the use of manual therapy to decrease mortality and increase quality of life through Flu epidemics and other immune system and autoimmune dysfunction..........Buy This Issue Today
1. Recognize the clinical characteristics of the avian influenza infection.
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Integrative Manual Therapy for Infectious Disorders
One of the post graduate classes at the Connecticut College of Integrative Manual Therapy is "Biologic Solutions for Infectious Disorders, IMT for Biologic Medicine."
Details of the immune system, immunology and the fluid matrix in which the cells live are discussed in detail. Myofascial release approaches and other techniques to address the connective tissue are considered.
Integrative Manual Therapy (IMT) practitioners also work with the soft tissue over the kidneys and adrenals and use nutritional therapies to decrease the effects of shock in the body. One of the effects of shock, of course, is immune suppression and one of the causes of shock is a toxic and infectious trauma.
Another approach taken by manual therapy practitioners is to palpate the tissue around the routes of elimination and assess for proper function. A person's body can best deal with toxicity and infections, if they are able to eliminate pathogen from their system. In order to do this the colon, kidneys / bladder, lungs and skin must be in good health.
Liver function also contributes to the ability to detoxify and live allergy free. How well the liver functions depends on many things including how much toxicity (diet and environment) comes in, how well the ribs and diaphragm move allowing the liver to get the blood flow it needs and how well the thoracic spine moves allowing the liver to get proper input from the nervous system.
Kimberly Burnham, PhD
Editor, The Burnham Review www.TheBurnhamReview.com
Spleen and Liver Manipulations
Whiting studied the use of splenic and liver pumps in a group of patients (N = 22), finding that 20 (91%) of the patients had an increase of about 15% in their phagocytic index [the average number of bacteria ingested by each phagocyte after a mixture of blood and bacteria are incubated]. Whiting CA: Investigations of the phagocytic index [reprint].In 1916 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:107-109.
Castlio and Ferris-Swift described changes induced by splenic manipulation in asymptomatic subjects. Using a technique that consisted of applying alternating compressions to the spleen for 1½ to 5 minutes at a rate of 21 compressions per minute, they reported an increase in leukocyte count in 80% of the cases studied, with a decrease in erythrocyte count in 75% of the cases. Castilio Y, Ferris-Swift L: Effects of splenic stimulation in normal individuals on the actual and differential blood cell count, and the opsonic index [reprint].In 1932 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:111-120. ; Castilio Y, Ferris-Swift L: effect of direct splenic stimulation on the cells and the antibody content of the blood stream in acute infections diseases [reprint].In 1934 Yearbook of the Academy of Applied Osteopathy. Carmel, CA: Academy of Applied Osteopathy; 1955:121-138. ; Ferris-Swift L: The effects of indirect splenic treatment in normal individuals. JAOA 1936, 35:225-229.
Leukocyte Count
They concluded that the increased leukocyte count was the result of "contraction of the spleen and expulsion of its contained leukocytes," and that the decreased erythrocyte count was due to increased destruction of red blood cells by the spleen.
"Castlio and Ferris-Swift’s work is still cited as evidence that the splenic pump technique is beneficial.
In a 2005 follow up study, researchers noted, "consistent with Castlio and Ferris-Swift's original conclusions, there was a statistically significant rise in the mean leukocyte counts, a decrease in the mean erythrocyte counts, no change in the leukocyte differentials, and an increase in the opsonic index following splenic pump treatment.". Noll, D. R. and J. C. Johnson (2005). "Revisiting Castlio and Ferris-Swift's experiments testing the effects of splenic pump in normal individuals." International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 8(4 Dec): 124-130 [Abstract] www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7RM5-4HVF259-6&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c5c63355589fcf747e5780b0b83642fd.
Lymph Drainage
Using an animal model, this study showed that lymphatic techniques enhanced lymph flow compared to the resting state, and increased both the number of T and B lymphocytes present in the lymph and the flux of T and B cells." Bearden, M., L. M. Hodge, et al. (2007). "Lymphatic pump treatment increases T and B lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph." [Abstract] www.hsc.unt.edu/RAD/abstracts/viewabstract.cfm?ID=904.
In summary, enhanced mobilization and lymphatic transport of immune cells during abdominal compression is likely an important mechanism responsible for the increased immune responses of patients treated with hands-on lymphatic system technqieus. (Hodge,2007) and (Paul,1986). Hodge, L. M., H. H. King, et al. (2007). "Abdominal lymphatic pump treatment increases leukocytes count and flux in thoracic duct lymph." Univ of North Texas Health Science Center Research Appreciation Day [Abstract] www.hsc.unt.edu/RAD/abstracts/viewabstract.cfm?ID=904.; Paul, R. T., R. J. Stomel, et al. (1986). "Interferon levels in human subjects throughout a 24-hour period following thoracic lymphatic pump manipulation." J Am Osteopath Assoc 86(2): 92-5. [no abstract]
General References
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